Participatory Development: A Tool of Pedagogy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v4i1.151Keywords:
Participatory development, pedagogy, citizen, participation, Participation, TostanAbstract
Participatory development has been heralded as the tool that is capable of bringing development to the most marginalised people. Theorists including Robert Chambers, Mohan Giles, Kristian Stokke, Paulo Freire and Amartya Sen have argued extensively on the importance of including people in the decisions that affect their livelihood. This tool of participation has been employed as a means of accomplishing projects that appeal to a larger group of people. Though a debatable improvement from the top-down approach, this approach to communication has relegated the use of participation to being a means. Further benefits actually emanate from the use of the participatory approach to development. One of such is in its pedagogical capacity; especially in teaching people about institutional structures and civic engagement. To harness this capacity of participatory development, participation must be viewed as an end of its own. This article is an investigation into this pedagogical capacity of participatory development. It focuses on participation in non-physical activities such as participatory budgeting and participatory policy making. This is in order to understand its effect on the capacity of citizens to understand and engage with social structures which affect their livelihood. Understanding this capacity of participatory development to increase the level of civic engagement between citizens and their society, is needed for better development planning. Thus, the conclusion highlights the potential for participation to increase citizen engagement with the structures in society. Again, it is with such understanding, that participatory projects and processes can be designed to produce benefits that transcend the lifeline of the project.
Downloads
References
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (1996). Framework for Mainstreaming Participatory Development Processes into Bank Operations. Manila.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA.
Banks, F., J. Leach. and B. Moon, (1999), ‘New understandings of teachers’ pedagogic knowledge’, Learners and pedagogy, 2(8), 89-110.
Barnes, M. (1999), ‘Researching public participation’, Local Government Studies, 25(4), 60–75.
Black, P., and D. Wiliam. (1998), ‘Assessment and classroom learning’, Assessment in Education, 5(1), 7-74.
Blackburn, J.W. and W.M. Bruce. (1995). Mediating environmental conflicts: Theory and practice. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Botes, L. and D. van Rensburg (2000). ‘Community participation in development: nine plagues and twelve commandments’, Community Development Journal, 35 (1), 41-58.
Bransford, J.D., Brown, A. and Cocking, R. (2000). How people learn: Mind, brain, experience and school, expanded edition. DC: National Academy Press, Washington.
Brohman, J. (1996). ‘Popular development: Rethinking the theory and practice of development’. Wiley-Blackwell.
Bruner, J. (1999). ‘Folk pedagogies’. Learners and pedagogy, 1(1), 4-20.
Chambers, R. (1997), ‘Whose Reality Counts? Putting the first last’, Intermediate Technology Publications, London.
Chambers, R. (1983), ‘Rural Development: Putting the last first’, Longman, Harlow.
Cummins, J., K. Brown and D. Sayers (2007). ‘Literacy, technology, and diversity: teaching success in changing times’, Boston M.A. Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education: An Introduction to Philosophy of Education. Macmillan.
Ditcher, T. (1992), Demystifying popular participation. Washinton DC: World Bank.
Donovan, M.S. and J.D. Bransford (ed.) (2005). How students learn: History in the classroom, National Academies Press.
Dreze. J and A. Sen, 1990 (Ed.), The Political Economy of Hunger, 3 Vols, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Duraiappah, A. K., P. Roddy, and J.E. Parry (2005). Have participatory approaches increased capabilities? International Institute for Sustainable Development = Institute international du développement durable. Minitoba, IISD.
Easton, P., K. Monkman, and R. Miles (2003). ‘Social policy from the bottom up: Abandoning FGC in sub-Saharan African’, Development in Practice, 13 (5), 445-458.
Escobar, A. (1995) Encountering Development: the making and unmaking of the Third World, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Fazey, J. A., and F. Marton (2002). ‘Understanding the space of experiential variation’, Active Learning in Higher Education, 3 (3), 234-250.
Fredo, D. A. (1995). ‘Women's literacy, indigenous form and authentic co-learning: A research approach to participatory training for national language literacy in rural Senegal’. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. London and New York: Penguin Books.
Gibson, C., and M. Woolcock (2005), ‘Empowerment and Local Level Conflict Mediation in the Kecamatan Development Project in Indonesia: Concepts, Measures and Project Efficacy’, Policy Research Working Paper 3292, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Gilbert, A. and P. Ward (1984). ‘Community action by the urban poor: democratic involvement, community self-help or a means of social control?’, World Development, 12(8), 769-782.
Gillespie, D., and M. Melching (2010). ‘The transformative power of democracy and human rights in non-formal education: The case of Tostan’, Adult Education Quarterly, 60(5), 477-498.
Gran, G. (1983). Development by people: Citizen construction of a just world. Praeger Publishers, New York.
GTZ (1991). Where There is no Participation, Eschborn: Deutsche Gessellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit.
Ijaiya, T.G, (20060, ‘Participatory Development and Project Performance in Nigeria: An Assessment of the existing DFRRI Borehole Water Projects in Offa, Kwara State’, Geo-Studies Forum, 3(1-2), 145-155
International Labour Organisation (ILO) (1995). ‘Participation and tripartism in the ILO's Mandate’, a publication of the 264th session of the Governing Body. GB 264/TC/2. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb264/tc-2.htm, accessed 15 December 2015.
Irvin, R. A., and J. Stansbury (2004). ‘Citizen participation in decision making: is it worth the effort?’, Public administration review, 64(1), 55-65.
Ison, R., and D. Watson (2007). ‘Illuminating the possibilities for social learning in the management of Scotland’s water’, Ecology and Society 12(1): 21, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art21/, accessed 19 June 2016.
Kuper, M., M. Dionnet, A. Hammani, Y. Bekkar, P. Garin, and B. Bluemling (2009), ‘Supporting the shift from state water to community water: lessons from a social learning approach to designing joint irrigation projects in Morocco’, Ecology and Society 14(1), 19, http://www.ecologyandso ciety.org/vol14/iss1/art19/, accessed 19 June 2016.
Loveless, A. (2002), ‘Literature review in creativity, new technologies and learning’, Journal of Distance Education, 4, 11.
McLoughlin, C., and M.J. Lee (2008), ‘The Three P's of Pedagogy for the Networked Society: Personalization, Participation, and Productivity’, International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20(1), 10-27.
Melching, M. (2002). ‘Abandoning female genital cutting in Africa’, in S. Perry & C. Schenck (ed.), Eye to eye: Women practicing development across cultures, New York: Zed Books, pp. 156-170.
Mohan, Giles (2001). ‘Participatory development’, in Desai. V and R. Potter (ed.), The Arnold companion to development studies. London, UK: Hodder, pp. 49–54.
Mayo M & Craig G (ed.) (1995), Community Empowerment: A Reader in Participation and Development, London: Zed Books.
Michels, A. and L. De Graaf (2010), ‘Examining Citizen Participation: Local Participatory Policy Making and Democracy’, Local Government Studies, 36(4), 477-491.
Moser, C.O. (1989), ‘Community participation in urban projects in the Third World’, Progress in planning, 32, 71-133.
Narayan, D., (2002), Bonds and bridges: social capital and poverty. Social capital and economic development: well-being in developing countries. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Nelson, N. and S. Wright (1995). 'Participation and power', in Nelson, N. and S. Wright (ed.), Power and Participatory Development: Theory and practice, London: Intermediate Technology Publications, pp. 1-18.
Nikkhah, H.A., and M. Redzuan, (2009). ‘Participation as a medium of empowerment in community development’, European Journal of Social Sciences, 11(1), 170-176.
Oakley, P., (1995). People's participation in development projects (Vol. 7). Intrac.
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2006), ‘The importance of social learning in restoring the multifunctionality of rivers and floodplains’, Ecology and Society 11 (1): 10, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art10/, accessed 22 June 2016.
Parfitt, T. (2004). ‘The Ambiguity of Participation: A Qualified Defence of Participatory Development’, Third World Quarterly, 25(3), 537-556, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3993824, accessed 22 June 2016.
Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rahnema, M. (1992). 'Participation', in Sachs, W. (ed.), The Development Dictionary: a guide to knowledge as power, Zed Press, London, pp. 116-31.
Reed. M., A.C. Evely, G. Cundill, I.R.A. Fazey, J. Glass, A. Laing, J. Newig, B. Parrish, C. Prell, C. Raymond and L. Stringer (2010), ‘What is social learning?’, Ecology and Society, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/volXX/issYY/artZZ/, accessed 20 June 2016.
Richardson, A. (1983). Participation (Vol. 1). Routledge.
Sabatier, P.A, (1988), ‘An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Changes and the Role of Policy-Oriented Learning Therein’, Policy Sciences, 21(2-3), 129-168.
Samah, A.A. and F, Aref (2009), ‘People’s Participation in Community Development: A Case Study in, a Planned Village Settlement in Malaysia’, World Rural Observations, 1(2), 45-54.
Schneider, H. and M. Libercier (1995), 'Towards a New Partnership', in Schneider and Libercier (ed.), Participatory Development from advocacy to Action, Paris: OECD, pp. 1 7-28.
Schuurman, F. (1993) ‘Modernity, Post-modernity and the New Social Movements’, in Schuurman, F. (ed), Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory, Zed Books, London, pp. 187-206.
Stagl, S. 2007. ‘Theoretical foundations of learning processes for sustainable development’, International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 14, 52-62.
Tufte, T. and P. Mefalopulos (2009). Participatory communication: A practical guide (No. 170). World Bank Publications.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). ‘The collected works of LS Vygotsky: Vol. 1’, in Problems of general psychology, RW Rieber & AS Carton, (Ed.), N. Minick, trans.).
Waddington, M. and G. Mohan. (2004). ‘Failing forward: going beyond PRA and imposed forms of participation’, in S. Hickey and G. Mohan (Eds.) Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development, London: ZED Books, 219-245.
Watkins, C. and P. Mortimer (1999). ‘Pedagogy: what do we know?’, in Mortimer, P. (ed.), Understanding pedagogy and its impact on learning, London: Paul Chapman, pp. 20-45.
Webler, T., H. Kastenholz and O. Renn (1995), ‘Public participation in impact assessment: a social learning perspective’, Environmental impact assessment review, 15 (5), 443-463.
Welch, C. E., Jr. (1995). Protecting human rights in Africa: Strategies and roles of nongovernmental organizations, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY), which permits use and redistribution of the work provided that the original author and source are credited, a link to the license is included, and an indication of changes which were made. Third-party users may not apply legal terms or technological measures to the published article which legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
If accepted for publication authors’ work will be made open access and distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license unless previously agreed with Exchanges’ Editor-in-Chief prior to submission.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (see: The Effect of Open Access)
