For They Need to Believe Themselves White: An intertextual analysis of Orson Welles's ‘Othello’
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v4i2.163Abstract
This article proposes to reassess Orson Welles's Othello (1951) in light of his earliest and little examines short, The Hearts of Age (1934). Refining textual analysis with the tools of whiteness studies and a focus on how American media history is reflected in the film, the article demonstrates that Welles's Othello makes a strong (and often misunderstood or ignored) critical intervention of progressive racial politics, a politics which is, moreover, already located in Shakespeare's original source text.
Downloads
References
Aker, Angie (2 December 2014), Chris Rock's Epic Truth Bomb About How It's White People That Have Progressed, Not Black People, http://www.upworthy.com/chris-rocks-epic-truth-bomb-about-how-its-white-people-that-have-progressed-not-black-people, accessed 27 February 2017
Baldwin, James (1984), On Being White, http://faculty.gordonstate.edu/
lsanders-senu/On%20Being%20White%20and%20Other%20Lies.pdf, accessed 22 February 2017
Bartels, Emily C. (1990), ‘Making More of the Moor: Aaron, Othello, and Renaissance Refashionings of Race’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 41 (4), 436-453
Barthelemy, Anthony (1994), ‘Introduction’, in Barthelemy, Anthony (ed.), Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello, New York: Hall, pp. 162-86
Bhabha, Homi K. (1994), The Location of Culture, London: Routledge
Boose, Lynda (1994), ‘Othello’s Handkerchief: “The Recognizance and Pledge of Love”’, in Barthelemy, Anthony (ed.), Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello, New York: Hall, pp. 55-67
Buchman, Lorne M. (1991), ‘Naming Time: Orson Welles’s Othello’, in Buchman, Lorne M. (ed.), Still In Movement: Shakespeare on Screen, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 126-145
Bulik, Mark (8 September 2015), ‘1854: No Irish Need Apply’, https://
www.nytimes.com/2015/09/08/insider/1854-no-irish-need-apply.html?_r=0, accessed 8 April 2017
Burton, Jonathan (1998), ‘A most wily bird: Leo Africanus, Othello and the trafficking in difference’, in Loomba, Ania and
Orkin, Martin (ed.), Post-Colonial Shakespeares, New York: Routledge, pp. 43-63
Butler-Evans, Elliott (1997), ‘”Haply, for I Am Black”: Othello and the Semiotics of Race and Otherness’, in Mythili, Kaul (ed.), Othello: New Essays by Black Writers, Washington: Howard University Press, pp. 139-50
Coates, Ta-Nehisi (2015), Between the World and Me, New York: Spiegel & Grau.
Damani, Seba (17 March 2014), The Black Irish: Historical Memory of an Afrikan Past?, http://www.sebadamani.com/blog/the-black-irish-historical-memory-of-an-afrikan-past, accessed 22 February 2017
Delgado, Richard and Stefancic, Jean (eds.) (1997), Critical White Studies: Looking Beyond the Mirror, Philadelphia: Temple University Press
Drum, Kevin (3 March 2016), A Very Brief History of Super-Predators’ http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2016/03/very-brief-history-super-predators, accessed 27 February 2017
Dyer, Richard (1997), White: Essays on Race and Culture, London: Routledge
Fanon, Frantz (1967), Black Skin/White mask, New York: Grove Press (originally published by Editions de Seuil as Peau Noire, Masques Blanc in 1952)
Ferber, Abby L. (1998), White Man Falling: Race, Gender, And White Supremacy, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Fineman, Joel (1994), ‘The Sound of O in Othello: The Real of the Tragedy of Desire’, in Barthelemy, Anthony (ed.), Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello, New York: Hall, pp. 104-64
Frye, Brian (February 2006: 38), The Hearts of Age, Senses of Cinema, http://sensesofcinema.com/2006/cteq/hearts_of_age/, accessed 22 February 2017
Garis, Robert (2004), The Films of Orson Welles, New York: Cambridge.
Hadfield, Andrew (2002), ‘”The gross clasps of a lascivious Moor.” The Domestic and Exotic Contexts of Othello’, in Hadfield, Andrew (ed.), A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on William Shakespeare’s Othello, London: Routledge, pp. 92-94
Hale, Grace E. (1998), Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940, New York: Pantheon
Higham, Charles (1970), The Films of Orson Welles, Berkeley: University of California Press
Hunter, G. K. (1967), ‘Othello and Color Prejudice’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 53, 139-63
Ignatiev, Noel (1005), How the Irish became White, New York: Routledge
Jardine, Lisa (2002), ‘”Why should he call her whore?” Defamation and Desdemona’s Case’, Hadfield, Andrew (ed.) A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on William Shakespeare’s Othello, London: Routledge, pp. 84-91
Jorgens, Jack J. (1976), ‘Welles’ Othello: A Baroque Translation’, in Gottesman, Ronald (ed.) Focus on Orson Welles, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, pp. 67-156
Jorgens, Jack J. (1977), Shakespeare On Film, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Loomba, Ania (1998), ‘Issues of race, hybridity and location in post-colonial Shakespeares’, in Loomba, Ania and Orkin, Martin (eds.), Post-Colonial Shakespeares, New York: Routledge, pp. 143-64
Loomba, Ania (1994), ‘Sexuality and Racial Difference’, in Barthelemy, Anthony (ed.), Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello, New York: Hall, pp. 162-86
López, Ian F. H. (1996), White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race, New York und London: New York University Press
Lott, Eric (1993), Love and theft: Blackface minstrelsy and the American working class, New York: Oxford University Press
Lott, Eric (1997), ‘The Whiteness of Film Noir’ in Hill, Mike (ed.), Whiteness: A Critical Reader, New York und London: New York University Press, pp. 81- 101
McBride, Joseph (1976), ‘Welles Before Kane’, Gottesman, Ronald (ed.), Focus on Orson Welles, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall
McLendon, Jacquelyn Y. (1997), ‘”A Round Unvarnished Tale”: (Mis)Reading Othello or African American Strategies of Dissent’, in Mythili, Kaul (ed.), Othello: New Essays by Black Writers, Washington: Howard University Press, pp. 121-37
McPherson, David (2002), ‘Othello and the Myth of Venice’, in Hadfield, Andrew (ed.) A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on William Shakespeare’s Othello, London: Routledge, pp. 78-83
Metz, Walter (2004), Engaging Film Criticism: Film History and Contemporary American Cinema, New York: Peter Lang
Morrison, Toni (1990), Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, New York: Vintage Books
Newman, Carol Thomas (1994), ‘Femininity and the Monstrous in Othello’, in Barthelemy, Anthony (ed.), Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello, New York: Hall, pp. 124-61
Neely, Carol Thomas (1994), ‘Women and Men in Othello’, in Barthelemy, Anthony (ed.), Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello, New York: Hall, pp. 68-90
Neill, Michael, ‘Unproper Beds: Race, Adultery, and the Hideous in Othello’, in Barthelemy, Anthony (ed.), Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello, New York: Hall, pp. 187-215
Ogude, S.E. (1997), ‘Literature and Racism: The Example of Othello’, in Mythili, Kaul (ed.), Othello: New Essays by Black Writers, Washington: Howard University Press, pp. 151-66
Posner, Bruce C. (ed.) (2001), Unseen Cinema: Early American Avant-garde Film 1893-1941, New York: Anthology Film Archives
Racism against Irish refugees - we should know our own history (14 September 2015), http://www.wsm.ie/c/racism-against-irish-refugees-famine, accessed 22 February 2017
Rosenthal, Daniel (2000), Shakespeare on Screen, London and Glasgow: Hamlyn.
Rothwell, Kenneth S. (1999), A History of Shakespeare on Screen: A Century of Film and Television, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Schabert, Ina (1992), Shakespeare-Handbuch, Stuttgart: Kröner (3rd ed.)
Shakespeare, William (1965), ‘Othello, The Moor of Venice’, in Alexander, Peter (ed.), William Shakespeare: The Complete Works, London and Glasgow: Collins, pp. 1114-54
Sign of the times of racism in England that was all too familiar (22 October 2015), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/22/sign-of-the-times-of-racism-in-england-that-was-all-too-familiar, accessed 22 February 2017
Simon, William G. (1989), ‘Orson Welles: an Introduction’, in
Simon, William G. (ed.) Persistence of Vision, no.7 pp. 5-11
Sjögren, Gunnar (2002), ‘Was Othello Black?’, Shakespeare and Scandinavia: A collection of Nordic studies, in Sorelius, Gunnar (ed.), Newark: University of Delaware Press, pp. 44-64
Stallybrass, Peter (1986), ‘Patriarchal Territories: The Body Enclosed’, in Ferguson, Margaret W., Quilligan, Maureen, and Vickers, Nancy (eds.), Rewriting the Renaissance’, Chicago: Chicago University Press
Stam, Robert (1995), ‘Orson Welles, Brazil, and the Power of Blacknes’, in Beja, Morris (ed.), Perspectives on Orson Welles, New York: Hall, pp. 219-44
Welsh, James M., Vela, Richard and Tibbott, John C. (2002), Shakespeare into Film, New York: Checkmark Books
White, R.S. (1986), Innocent Victims: Poetic Injustice in Shakespearean Tragedy, London: Athlone Press (2nd edn)
Williams, John A. (1997), ’Who Is Desdemona’, in Mythili, Kaul (ed.), Othello: New Essays by Black Writers, Washington: Howard University Press, pp. 113-17
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY), which permits use and redistribution of the work provided that the original author and source are credited, a link to the license is included, and an indication of changes which were made. Third-party users may not apply legal terms or technological measures to the published article which legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
If accepted for publication authors’ work will be made open access and distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license unless previously agreed with Exchanges’ Editor-in-Chief prior to submission.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (see: The Effect of Open Access)